U.S. House candidate · Illinois 14th District
Lauren Underwood
Overview
Poliscope ↗$2.85M
Raised this cycle
2025–26 · FEC
$61K
Outside support
FEC regular reports · + $61K in 24/48-hour notices
$0
Outside opposition
FEC regular reports
10%
Small-dollar share
49%
In-state share
6
Flags
Raised and spent are the FEC's official 2025–26 totals through Oct 14, 2026. Poliscope, which supplies the donor, PAC and sector breakdowns on this page, has not loaded the latest report yet and shows $2.42M raised through Jun 30, 2026, so those breakdowns cover an earlier period.
Lauren Underwood is a Democratic Representative from IL (District 14). Underwood's campaign has raised $2.4 million from 1,034 donors. Funding includes 10.4% from small-dollar donors (under $200) and 48.6% from in-state contributors. Top funding sources by employer include UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, DUPAGE MEDICAL GROUP. Campaign committees include LAUREN UNDERWOOD FOR CONGRESS.
Backed byProvisional
EMILYs List
- EMILY's List gave $20 (2026)
- EMILY's List gave $10,350 (2024)
End Citizens United
- End Citizens United gave $5,000 (2026)
- End Citizens United gave $3,503 (2024)
314 Action
- 314 Action Fund gave $5,000 (2026)
- 314 Action Fund gave $7,500 (2024)
Industry moneyProvisional
Union PAC
- SEIU COPE gave $2,500 (2026)
- SEIU COPE gave $5,000 (2024)
- AFSCME PEOPLE gave $10,000 (2026)
- AFSCME PEOPLE gave $10,000 (2024)
- IBEW PAC gave $8,500 (2026)
- IBEW PAC gave $11,500 (2024)
- Teamsters DRIVE gave $2,500 (2026)
- Teamsters DRIVE gave $7,500 (2024)
- AFT COPE gave $10,000 (2026)
- AFT COPE gave $10,000 (2024)
- UA Union Plumbers & Pipefitters Vote PAC gave $5,000 (2024)
- UAW V-CAP gave $10,000 (2026)
- UAW V-CAP gave $10,000 (2024)
- LIUNA PAC gave $2,500 (2026)
- LIUNA PAC gave $2,500 (2024)
- NALC PAC gave $1,500 (2026)
- NALC PAC gave $5,000 (2024)
- Carpenters Legislative Improvement Committee gave $10,000 (2026)
- Carpenters Legislative Improvement Committee gave $10,000 (2024)
Realtors PAC
- National Association of Realtors PAC gave $5,000 (2026)
- National Association of Realtors PAC gave $10,000 (2024)
Records
Accepted gifts or sponsored travel
- 5 gift or travel filings
Some sections could not be refreshed in the latest ingest and show earlier data: darkMoney (as of Oct 16, 2026). They will retry tonight.
Money
Poliscope ↗$2.85M
Total raised
FEC, through Oct 14, 2026
$1.80M
From individuals
$290K unitemized
$365K
From PACs
1,034
Donors
avg $294
42%
Large-donor share
$0
Self-funding
personal-funds loans made in 2025–26
By election cycle
- 2018 3,250 donors$4.93M
- 2020 5,652 donors$7.86M
- 2022 4,673 donors$6.89M
- 2024 2,753 donors$4.16M
- 2026 1,149 donors$2.42M
Contribution sizes
- <$200 3,153 gifts · 9%$108K
- $200-$499 343 gifts · 7%$87K
- $500-$999 202 gifts · 8%$103K
- $1,000-$2,899 277 gifts · 29%$360K
- $2,900+ 165 gifts · 47%$572K
- Refunds / negative records 6 gifts$-1K
Top donor sectorsProvisional
- UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 19 gifts$11K
- NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 4 gifts$11K
- DUPAGE MEDICAL GROUP 3 gifts$9K
- ROPES & GRAY 6 gifts$8K
- VALLEY IMMIGRANT ADVOCATES 7 gifts$8K
- MASS GENERAL HOSPITAL 3 gifts$7K
- ANAYLSIS GROUP 2 gifts$7K
- ANESI OZMON RODIN NOVAK & KOHEN 2 gifts$7K
- COPLAN + CRANE 2 gifts$7K
- ESSENDANT 2 gifts$7K
- FP 2 gifts$7K
- JREI 2 gifts$7K
- KAUFFMAN & ASSOCIATES 2 gifts$7K
- LIFE YIELD 2 gifts$7K
- LINKEDIN 2 gifts$7K
Top donor employersProvisional
Individual contributions grouped by the employer donors list on their filings.
- UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 12 donors · 19 gifts$11K
- NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 3 donors · 4 gifts$11K
- DUPAGE MEDICAL GROUP 2 donors · 3 gifts$9K
- ROPES & GRAY 4 donors · 6 gifts$8K
- VALLEY IMMIGRANT ADVOCATES 1 donors · 7 gifts$8K
- MASS GENERAL HOSPITAL 2 donors · 3 gifts$7K
- ANAYLSIS GROUP 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- ANESI OZMON RODIN NOVAK & KOHEN 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- COPLAN + CRANE 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- ESSENDANT 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- FP 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- JREI 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- KAUFFMAN & ASSOCIATES 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- LIFE YIELD 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
- LINKEDIN 1 donors · 2 gifts$7K
Top contributorsProvisional
| Contributor | Type | State | Total | From PACs | Gifts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LANE, PATRICIA C. | individual | IL | $8,000 | — | 3 |
| BRESLIN, JOHN X. | individual | IL | $7,500 | — | 7 |
| Fred Eychaner | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| BENNETT, RAYMOND | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| NOVAK, MARK,,, | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| STOWELL, W. MARY | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| MILBURN, ROB M M | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| O?KEEFE, BARBARA | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| Helm, Nelson Jr. | individual | KY | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| TORRES, TOMAS | individual | TX | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| CLIFFORD, ROBERT A. | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| NESBITT, MARTIN H | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| Penny S. Pritzker | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| HARRIS, WILLIAM SR. SR | individual | MA | $7,000 | — | 2 |
| ROSSI, ANTHONY R | individual | IL | $7,000 | — | 2 |
PAC contributors
| PAC | State | Total | Gifts |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE | TX | $10,000 | 2 |
| UAW - V - CAP (UAW VOLUNTARY COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAM) 'INT'L UNION UNITED AUTOMOBILE AEROSPACE & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF AMERICA UAW | MI | $10,000 | 2 |
| CARPENTERS LEGISLATIVE IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE UNITED BROTHERHOOD OF CARPENTERS AND JOINERS | DC | $10,000 | 2 |
| AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE COUNTY & MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES P E O P L E | DC | $10,000 | 4 |
| LOCAL 881 UNITED FOOD AND COMMERCIAL WORKERS POLITICAL ACTION FUND | IL | $10,000 | 2 |
| AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION PAC | MD | $10,000 | 2 |
| AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS SEPARATE SEGREGATED FUND (CRNA-PAC) | IL | $10,000 | 4 |
| MACHINISTS NON PARTISAN POLITICAL LEAGUE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS & AEROSPACE WORKERS | MD | $10,000 | 2 |
| AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS, AFL-CIO COMMITTEE ON POLITICAL EDUCATION | DC | $10,000 | 2 |
| INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE | DC | $8,500 | 3 |
| NATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS ASSOCIATION PAC | DC | $8,500 | 3 |
| PSYCHOLOGY PAC OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION SERVICES INC. | DC | $7,500 | 5 |
| AMERICAN HOTEL AND LODGING ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE ('HOTELPAC') | DC | $7,000 | 3 |
| AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE | VA | $6,500 | 3 |
| DIGIDEMS PAC | CA | $6,200 | 2 |
Where the money comes from
- IL 49% · home state$597K
- CA 15%$179K
- MA 8%$101K
- NY 7%$92K
- DC 4%$53K
- FL 2%$30K
- VA 2%$27K
- MD 2%$25K
- WI 2%$23K
- TX 91%$11K
- KS 81%$10K
- IN 79%$10K
How the campaign spends
FEC ↗LAUREN UNDERWOOD FOR CONGRESS: $2.11M across 1,674 operating expenditures, Jan 2, 2025 to Mar 31, 2026. FEC Schedule B.
Top payees
| Payee | State | Purposes | Total | Payments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAYROLL DATA PROCESSING | FL | payroll · payroll taxes · payroll services | $340,376 | 45 |
| HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, LLC | FL | payroll · payroll taxes · payroll services | $323,509 | 54 |
| AUTHENTIC CAMPAIGNS | IL | digital consulting services · digital advertising · list acquisition | $187,600 | 23 |
| BENSON, EMMA NICOLE | IL | salary · reimbursement - travel, supplies · mileage | $113,713 | 36 |
| CAPITAL ONE | NC | credit card payment - below if itemized · credit card payment - see below if itemized · credit card fees | $110,788 | 16 |
| GARCIA-ESTRADA, VICTOR | IL | salary · mileage · tech stipend | $73,307 | 33 |
| SULLIVAN, MAGGIE E. | IL | salary · reimbursement - event equipment rental | $72,572 | 26 |
| ABRAHAM, PAVITRA | IL | salary · reimbursement - travel | $63,125 | 17 |
| CAPITOL COMPLIANCE ASSOCIATES | DC | compliance services | $57,023 | 15 |
| NGP VAN, INC. | DC | software | $56,188 | 24 |
| ACTBLUE TECHNICAL SERVICES | MA | merchant fees | $45,192 | 270 |
| BUSH, LAUREL W. | IL | salary · reimbursement - travel · mileage | $41,825 | 14 |
By stated purpose
- payroll 33 payments$437K
- salary 137 payments$437K
- payroll taxes 33 payments$224K
- digital consulting services 16 payments$109K
- credit card payment - below if itemized 13 payments$97K
- software 149 payments$70K
- travel 377 payments$59K
- compliance services 15 payments$57K
- fundraising consulting services 9 payments$50K
- list acquisition 1 payments$50K
- merchant fees 351 payments$49K
- legal services 8 payments$48K
Outside spending & dark money
FEC ↗Independent expenditures by super PACs and other groups, for and against. Totals are the FEC's figures from regular reports, which are newer than Poliscope's.
| Spender | Stance | Spent | Network | Dark money in |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS SEPARATE SEGREGATED FUND (CRNA-PAC) C00173153 | Support | $61K 4 filings | — | |
| GIVEGREEN UNITED ACTION C00802389 | Support | $25 2 filings | — | |
| SIERRA CLUB INDEPENDENT ACTION C00483693 | Support | $10 1 filing | — |
Since the latest regular reports
Reported in 24/48-hour notices; may overlap periodic reports. Late spending is reported in 24- and 48-hour notices before it appears in a regular report; these amounts are shown separately and are not included in the totals above.
| Spender | Stance | In notices | Dated after |
|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSE ANESTHETISTS SEPARATE SEGREGATED FUND (CRNA-PAC) C00173153 | Support | $61K 4 notices, latest Oct 12, 2026 | Sep 24, 2026 regular reports processed through |
Voting record
Congress.gov ↗2,915 roll calls on record: 1,585 yea, 1,124 nay, 20 not voting.
1000 of 1000
| Date | Bill | Question | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 16, 2026 | 2403 Retire through Ownership Act | Yea | Passed 401–14 | |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 9497 Water Resources Development Act of 2026 | Yea | Passed 415–9 | |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 9340 Ratepayer Protection Act | Yea | Passed 417–3 | |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 213 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the "California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Commercial Harbor Craft Regulations; Notice of Decision". | Nay | Passed 214–208 | |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 10326 PROOF Act | Nay | Passed 217–207 | |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 9576 National Fraud Enforcement Division Act of 2026 | Nay | Passed 352–72 | |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 5334 Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 | Nay | Passed 262–159 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 93 Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran. | Yea | Passed 220–204 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 210 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth; Notice of Decision". | Nay | Passed 216–211 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 9500 Tax Relief for Fraud Victims Act | Yea | Passed 408–17 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 2140 Diesel Emissions Reduction Act of 2025 | Yea | Passed 343–79 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 4646 Whistleblower Protection Act of 2025 | Yea | Passed 424–0 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 8278 Fostering the Use of Technology to Uphold Regulatory Effectiveness in Supervision Act | Yea | Passed 417–7 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 2978 GUARD Act | Yea | Passed 414–7 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 1530 Providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 9576) to establish the National Fraud Enforcement Division of the Department of Justice; providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 10326) to enhance information-sharing capabilities between Federal law enforcement and State agencies to detect, investigate, and prosecute fraud in certain Federal programs, and to protect individual privacy; providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 210) providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to ‘‘California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth; Notice of Decision''; providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 213) providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the ‘‘California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Commercial Harbor Craft Regulations; Notice of Decision''; and providing for consideration of the Senate amendments to the bill (H.R. 5334) to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow early childhood educators to take the educator expense deduction, and for other purposes. | No | Passed 214–211 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 1530 Providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 9576) to establish the National Fraud Enforcement Division of the Department of Justice; providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 10326) to enhance information-sharing capabilities between Federal law enforcement and State agencies to detect, investigate, and prosecute fraud in certain Federal programs, and to protect individual privacy; providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 210) providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to ‘‘California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth; Notice of Decision''; providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 213) providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the ‘‘California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Commercial Harbor Craft Regulations; Notice of Decision''; and providing for consideration of the Senate amendments to the bill (H.R. 5334) to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow early childhood educators to take the educator expense deduction, and for other purposes. | Nay | Passed 214–208 | |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 1486 Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors. | Nay | Passed 232–147 | |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 3276 Local Communities & Bird Habitat Stewardship Act of 2026 | Yea | Passed 345–60 | |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 4219 National Wildlife Refuge System Invasive Species Strike Team Act of 2025 | Yea | Passed 371–33 | |
| Sep 3, 2026 | 4795 Protect Economic and Academic Freedom Act of 2026 | Nay | Passed 237–169 | |
| Sep 2, 2026 | 1501 Protecting Domestic Mining Act of 2025 | Nay | Passed 218–201 | |
| Sep 2, 2026 | 1 Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to require that the Supreme Court of the United States be composed of nine justices. | Nay | Failed 212–206 | |
| Sep 1, 2026 | 1498 In the matter of allegations relating to Representative Chuck Edwards. | Yea | Passed 413–2 | |
| Sep 1, 2026 | 9436 Northeast Lobsterman Protection Act of 2026 | Nay | Passed 219–196 | |
| Sep 1, 2026 | 9436 Northeast Lobsterman Protection Act of 2026 | Yea | Failed 202–212 |
Bills sponsored and cosponsored
Congress.gov ↗| Bill | Title | Role | Policy area | Latest action | Law? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10600 | To amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to authorize the use of Federal foreign assistance funds for comprehensive reproductive health care services, and for other purposes. | cosponsor | — | Sep 24, 2026 | — |
| 10597 | To require group health plans and group or individual health insurance coverage to provide coverage for over-the-counter contraceptives. | cosponsor | — | Sep 24, 2026 | — |
| 6130 | ASAP Act | cosponsor | Health | Sep 16, 2026 | — |
| 216 | Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to prohibit the use of slavery and involuntary servitude as a punishment for a crime. | cosponsor | Crime and Law Enforcement | Sep 15, 2026 | — |
| 2466 | To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 5225 Harrison Avenue in Rockford, Illinois, as the "Jay P. Larson Post Office Building". | cosponsor | Government Operations and Politics | Sep 14, 2026 | — |
| 5773 | To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service at 1300 East Northwest Highway in Palatine, Illinois, as the "Bernie Bluestein Post Office Building". | cosponsor | Government Operations and Politics | Sep 14, 2026 | — |
| 1511 | Recognizing the 25th anniversary of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, honoring the memory of the victims, recognizing the courage and sacrifice of the heroes who answered the call to serve, acknowledging the charitable organizations that continue to support survivors and victims' families, and reaffirming the enduring commitment of the United States to never forget. | cosponsor | Crime and Law Enforcement | Sep 3, 2026 | — |
| 1508 | Supporting the goals and ideals of "National Clinical Nurse Specialist Week". | cosponsor | Health | Sep 2, 2026 | — |
| 1476 | Supporting the designation of the week of August 2 through August 8, 2026, as "National Farmers Market Week". | cosponsor | Agriculture and Food | Aug 3, 2026 | — |
| 8205 | Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Reauthorization Act of 2026 | cosponsor | Health | Jul 23, 2026 | — |
| 9817 | Justice for Incarcerated Moms Act | cosponsor | Crime and Law Enforcement | Jul 21, 2026 | — |
| 9816 | MOMMIES Act | cosponsor | Health | Jul 21, 2026 | — |
| 3514 | Improving Seniors’ Timely Access to Care Act of 2025 | cosponsor | Health | Jul 15, 2026 | — |
| 9712 | Mamas First Act | cosponsor | Health | Jul 15, 2026 | — |
| 9591 | Extreme Temperatures Injustice in Prisons Act of 2026 | cosponsor | Crime and Law Enforcement | Jul 6, 2026 | — |
Committees
FEC ↗Campaign committees
| Committee | ID | Type | Relationship | Raised |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAUREN UNDERWOOD FOR CONGRESS | C00652719 | H / P | principal | $18.7M |
Terms in Congress
| end | url | type | party | phone | start |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-01-03 | https://underwood.house.gov | rep | Democrat | 202-225-2976 | 2019-01-03 |
| 2023-01-03 | https://underwood.house.gov | rep | Democrat | 202-225-2976 | 2021-01-03 |
| 2025-01-03 | https://underwood.house.gov | rep | Democrat | 202-225-2976 | 2023-01-03 |
| 2027-01-03 | https://underwood.house.gov | rep | Democrat | 202-225-2976 | 2025-01-03 |
Stock trades
Filings ↗STOCK Act periodic transaction reports. Amounts are the ranges filers report.
No records in Poliscope for this section.
Gifts & travel
Filings ↗| Year | Type | Source / sponsor | Description / destination | Value | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | travel | ELYSIAN Investment Group, DRC Ventures, OneSpartanburg Inc., and the Palladian Group | Spartanburg, SC (May 22, 2026 – May 23, 2026) | — | PDF ↗ |
| 2026 | travel | United Nations Foundation and the Eleanor Crook Foundation | Ghana; Togo (Jan 23, 2026 – Jan 30, 2026) | — | PDF ↗ |
| 2024 | travel | German Marshall Fund of the United States, Charles F. Kettering Foundation, Robert Bosch Stiftung, and American Friends of the Munich Security Conference | Germany (Feb 16, 2024 – Feb 20, 2024) | — | PDF ↗ |
| 2023 | travel | Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE), Save the Children Action Network (SCAN), and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | Kenya (Apr 7, 2023 – Apr 15, 2023) | — | PDF ↗ |
| 2022 | travel | J Street Education Fund | Tel Aviv (Feb 18, 2022 – Feb 25, 2022) | — | PDF ↗ |
Lobbying ties
Poliscope ↗Does not appear as a registered lobbyist in LDA filings.
Top donor industries: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, DUPAGE MEDICAL GROUP, ROPES & GRAY, VALLEY IMMIGRANT ADVOCATES. See money.
Financial disclosures
Poliscope ↗Executive-branch (OGE 278e) disclosures, which apply to candidates who served as federal appointees.
No records in Poliscope for this section.
Past races
FEC ↗| Cycle | Office | State | District | FEC ID | Raised |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | House | IL | 14 | H8IL14174 | $2.42M |
| 2024 | House | IL | 14 | H8IL14174 | $4.16M |
| 2022 | House | IL | 14 | H8IL14174 | $6.89M |
| 2020 | House | IL | 14 | H8IL14174 | $7.86M |
| 2018 | House | IL | 14 | H8IL14174 | $4.93M |
Source: Poliscope (poliscope.org), compiled from FEC, Congress.gov, LDA, SEC, OGE and congressional gift and travel records. Snapshot Oct 25, 2026. Flags are definitions of this site, listed on the hot buttons page; each is checked with documented rules against the filings above.